In the last decades, an increasing amount of initiatives have been developed that open the way towards more sustainable apple production systems.Ĭoncepts as well as on-station and on-farm works are developed in various contexts such as integrated fruit production, organic farming and agroecology with the objectives to increase biological regulations of pests and diseases and/or to improve soil fertility.Īll together results point out the importance of diversifying resources and habitats for beneficial arthropods in the orchard and its vicinity to foster ecosystem services related to pest suppression and to adopt cultural practices enhancing soil fertility. This dependence is now questioned because of the generated environmental pollutions and health issues. However, these improvements were also done at the expense of an increasing dependence on external inputs such as water, fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. Apple cultivation has evolved tremendously in past decades.īoth apple productivity and aesthetic quality of the fruit have been strongly improved resulting from genetic improvement, optimization of tree training and pruning, and orchard design and management.
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